Simple Harmonic Motion

Physics Laboratory Report Simple Harmonic Motion: Determining the force constant Aim of experiment: The objective of this experiment is: 1. To study the simple harmonic motion of a mass-spring system 2. To estimate the force constant of a spring Principles involved: A horizontal or vertical mass-spring system can perform simple harmonic motion as shown below. If we know the period (T) of the motion and the mass (m), the force constant (k) of the spring can be determined. [pic] Consider pulling the mass of a horizontal mass-spring system to an extension x on a table, the mass subjected to a restoring force (F=-kx) stated by Hooke’s Law.If the mass is now released, it will move with acceleration (a) towards the equilibrium position. By Newton’s second law, the force (ma) acting on the mass is equal to the restoring force, i. e. ma = -kx a = -(k/m)x ————————-(1) As the movement continues, it performs a simple harmonic motion with angular velocity (? ) and has acceleration (a = -? 2x). By comparing it with equation (1), we have: ? = v(k/m) Thus, the period can be represented as follows: T = 2? /? T = 2? x v(m/k) T2 = (4? 2/k) m —————————(2)From the equation, it can be seen that the period of the simple harmonic motion is independent of the amplitude. As the result also applies to vertical mass-spring system, a vertical mass-spring system, which has a smaller frictional effects, is used in this experiment. Apparatus: Slotted mass (20g)x 9 Hanger (20g)x 1 Springx 1 Retort stand and clampx 1 Stop watchx 1 G-clampx 1 Procedure: 1. The apparatuses were set up as shown on the right. 2. No slotted mass was originally put into the hanger and it was set to oscillate in moderate amplitude. 3.The period (t1) for 20 complete oscillations was measured and recorded. 4. Step 3 was repeated to obtain another record (t2). 5. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated by adding one slotted mass to the hanger each time until all of the nine given masses have been used. 6. A graph of the square of the period (T2) against mass (m) was plotted. 7. A best-fitted line was drawn on the graph and its slope was measured. Precaution: 1. The oscillations of the spring were of moderate amplitudes to reduce errors. 2. The oscillations of the spring were carefully initiated so that the spring did not swing to ensure accurate results. . The spring used was carefully chosen that it could perform 20 oscillations with little decay in amplitude when the hanger was put on it, and it was not over-stretched when all the 9 slotted masses were put on it. This could ensure accurate and reliable results. 4. The experiment was carried out in a place with little air movement (wind), in order to reduce swinging of the spring during oscillations and errors of the experiment. 5. The spring was clamped tightly so that the spring did not slide during oscillation. It reduced ene rgy loss from the spring and ensured accurate results. . A G-clamp was used to attach the stand firmly on the bench.This reduced energy loss from the spring and ensured accurate results. Results |Hanger and slotted mass |20 periods / s |One period (T) |T2 / s2 | |(m) / kg | |/ s | | | |t1 |t2 |Mean | | | | |( ±0. 1s) |( ±0. s) |= (t1 + t2) / 2 | | | |0. 02 |5. 0 |5. 4 |5. 2 |0. 26 |0. 0676 | |0. 04 |6. 0 |6. 0 |6. 0 |0. 3 |0. 09 | |0. 06 |7. 0 |7. 0 |7. 0 |0. 35 |0. 1225 | |0. 08 |7. 8 |7. 8 |7. 8 |0. 9 |0. 1521 | |0. 10 |8. 6 |8. 6 |8. 6 |0. 43 |0. 1849 | |0. 12 |9. 4 |9. 5 |9. 45 |0. 4725 |0. 22325625 | |0. 14 |10. 1 |10. 1 |10. 1 |0. 505 |0. 255025 | |0. 16 |10. 5 |10. 4 |10. 45 |0. 5225 |0. 27300625 | |0. 8 |11. 1 |11. 3 |11. 2 |0. 56 |0. 3136 | |0. 20 |11. 9 |12. 0 |11. 95 |0. 5975 |0. 35700625 | Calculations and Interpretation of results [pic] From equation (2), the slope of the graph is equal to (4? 2/k), i. e. 1. 5968 = 4? 2/k k = 4? 2/1. 5968 ? 24. 723 Nm-1 ?The force c onstant of the spring is 24. 723 Nm-1. Sources of error 1. The spring swung during oscillations in the experiments. 2.As the amplitudes of oscillations were small, there was difficulty to determine whether an oscillation was completed. 3. Reaction time of observer was involved in time-taking. 4. Energy was lost from the oscillations of the spring to resonance of the spring. Order of Accuracy Absolute error in time-taking =  ±0. 1s |Hanger and slotted mass (m) / kg |20 periods / s |Relative error in time-taking | | |t1 |t2 | | | |( ±0. s) |( ±0. 1s) | | | | | |t1 |t2 | |0. 02 |5. 0 |5. 4 |2. 00% |1. 85% | |0. 04 |6. 0 |6. 0 |1. 67% |1. 67% | |0. 06 |7. 0 |7. 0 |1. 3% |1. 43% | |0. 08 |7. 8 |7. 8 |1. 28% |1. 28% | |0. 10 |8. 6 |8. 6 |1. 16% |1. 16% | |0. 12 |9. 4 |9. 5 |1. 06% |1. 05% | |0. 14 |10. 1 |10. 1 |0. 990% |0. 990% | |0. 6 |10. 5 |10. 4 |0. 952% |0. 962% | |0. 18 |11. 1 |11. 3 |0. 901% |0. 885% | |0. 20 |11. 9 |12. 0 |0. 840% |0. 833% | Improvement 1. The spring should be initiated to oscillate as vertical as possible to prevent swinging of the spring, which would cause energy loss from the spring and give inaccurate results. 2.Several observers could observe the oscillations of the spring and determine a more accurate and reliable result that whether the spring has completed an oscillation. 3. The time taken for oscillations should be taken by the same observer. This allows more reliable results as error-error cancellation of reaction time of the observer occurs. 4. The spring used should be made of a material that its resonance frequency is difficult to match. Discussion In this experiment, several assumptions were made. First, it is assumed that the spring used is weightless and resonance does not occur.Furthermore, it is assumed that no energy is lost from the spring to overcome the air resistance. Besides, it is assumed that no swinging of the spring occurs during the experiment. In addition, there were difficulties in carrying out the exper iment. For timing the oscillation, as the spring oscillates with moderate amplitude, it was hard to determine if a complete oscillation has been accomplished. Added to this, in drawing the best-fitted line, as all the points do not join to form a straight line, there was a little difficult encountered while drawing the line.Nevertheless, they were all solved. Several observers observed the oscillations of the spring and determined a more reliable result that whether the spring has completed an oscillation. For the best-fitted line, computer was employed to obtain a reliable graph. Conclusion The mass-spring system performs simple harmonic motion and the force constant of the spring used in this experiment is 24. 723 Nm-1. ———————– A graph of T2 against m Square of the period (T2) [pic] Simple Harmonic Motion Shanise Hawes 04/04/2012 Simple Harmonic Motion Lab Introduction: In this two part lab we sought out to demonstrate simple harmonic motion by observing the behavior of a spring. For the first part we needed to observe the motion or oscillation of a spring in order to find k, the spring constant; which is commonly described as how stiff the spring is. Using the equation Fs=-kx or, Fs=mg=kx; where Fs is the force of the spring, mg represents mass times gravity, and kx is the spring constant times the distance, we can mathematically isolate for the spring constant k.We can also graph the data collected and the slope of the line will reflect the spring constant. In the second part of the lab we used the equation T=2? mk, where T is the period of the spring. After calculating and graphing the data the x-intercept represented k, the spring constant. The spring constant is technically the measure of elasticity of the spring. Data: mass of weight | displacement| m (kg)| x (m)| 0. 1| 0. 12| 0 . 2| 0. 24| 0. 3 | 0. 36| 0. 4| 0. 48| 0. 5| 0. 60|We began the experiment by placing a helical spring on a clamp, creating a â€Å"spring system†. We then measured the distance from the bottom of the suspended spring to the floor. Next we placed a 100g weight on the bottom of the spring and then measured the displacement of the spring due to the weight . We repeated the procedure with 200g, 300g, 400g, and 500g weights. We then placed the recorded data for each trial into the equation Fs=mg=kx. For example: 300g weight mg=kx 0. 30kg9. 8ms2=k0. 36m 0. 30kg 9. 8ms20. 36m=k 8. 17kgs=kHere we graphed our collected data. The slope of the line verified that the spring constant is approximately 8. 17kgs. In the second part of the experiment we suspended a 100g weight from the bottom of the spring and pulled it very slightly in order to set the spring in motion. We then used a timer to time how long it took for the spring to make one complete oscillation. We repeated this for the 20 0g, 300g, 400g, and 500g weights. Next we divided the times by 30 in order to find the average period of oscillation. We then used the equation T2=4? mk to mathematically isolate and find k. Lastly we graphed our data in order to find the x-intercept which should represent the value of k. Data Collected: Derived Data: mass of weight | time of 30 osscillation | avg osscilation T| T2| | m (kg)| t (s)| t30 (s)| T2 s2| | 0. 10| 26. 35| 0. 88| 0. 77| | 0. 20| 33. 53| 1. 12| 1. 25| | 0. 30| 39. 34| 1. 31| 1. 72| | 0. 40| 44. 81| 1. 49| 2. 22| | 0. 50| 49. 78| 1. 66| 2. 76| | Going back to our equation T2=4? 2mk .We found the average period squared and the average mass and set the equation up as T2m=4? 2k. Since T2 is our change in y and m is our change in x, this also helped us to find the slope of our line. We got T2m equals approximately 4. 98s2kg. We now have 4. 98s2kg= 4? 2k. Rearranging we have k=4? 24. 98s2k= 7. 92N/m. Plotting the points and observing that the slope of our line is indeed approximately 4. 98 we see that the line does cross the x-axis at approximately 7. 92. Conclusion Prior to placing any additional weight onto our spring we measured the length of spring to be 0. 8m. So if we hooked an identical spring and an additional 200g the elongation of our total spring would be approximately 0. 8m; accounting for twice our spring and the . 24m the additional weight added. However, I believe the additional weight of the second spring would slightly elongate the initial spring; bringing it roughly over a meter. Since our spring elongation has almost tripled I believe that an effective spring constant would be triple that of what we found it to be initially, making a new spring constant of 24. 51kgs

Remembering Babylon

1. Significance of the two prefatory quotes: Malouf's choice in prefatory quotes at the beginning of Remembering Babylon are significant in revealing the way in which he wishes to establish the tone of the novel and allow for the reader to reach a place of greater psychological understanding so that they are able to make meaning of the text. In the first, â€Å"Whether this is Jerusalem or Babylon we know not†, taken from a poem by William Blake, Malouf is putting to the reader the question of whether Gemmy has reached a place where he can find redemption (Jerusalem) or entered a world of brutality and cruelty (Babylon). By putting forward this question, Malouf is inducing the readers to begin a more emotionally and ethically deep state while reading the novel, so that the ideas he is presenting are better understood and so that Malouf is able to take his readers to a more spiritually revealing level of consciousness. In Remembering Babylon Gemmy represents the unknown when he is firstly found by the Aboriginals, â€Å"What was it? A†¦creature of a kind they had never seen before†¦? A spirit†¦?†, and then again when he crosses the fence, the physical division between the Settler's and the Indigenous people, â€Å"†¦a human that†¦had been changed into a bird†¦.and now, neither one thing nor the other was hopping and flapping towards them out of a world over there†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Readers can see that in both cases, Gemmy is a source of mystery and confusion; however it is the Aboriginal people who accept Gemmy and are willing to teach Gemmy their way of life, in contrast to his harsh and wary toleration by those in white society. This society is representative of Blake's ‘Babylon', a place of discord, confusion, enslavement and despair, whereas the Aboriginal tribe who takes Gemmy in holds a very distinct sense of tolerance, peace and love (Jerusalem). This sense of the Indigenous society being representative of Jerusalem is reinforced when, at the end of the novel, Gemmy seeks redemption with the Aboriginals after experiencing the brutality of the white society's Babylon, and returns to them in body, spirit and soul. It is therefore evident that this quote holds a significant amount of sway over the psychological level that the reader is on when beginning the novel, and therefore determines their interpretation of the ideas and meanings that Malouf conveys later in the novel. The second prefatory quote, â€Å"Strange shapes and void afflict the soul†¦.etc† is a poem written by John Clare which is used by Malouf as a comparison to the plot and main ideas presented in the novel in an attempt to prepare the reader mentally so that they are able to fully comprehend the text and take the appropriate meanings from it. In the poem, Clare presents a world in chaos with the â€Å"world on fire† where â€Å"smoke seas roll†. The first line of the poem, â€Å"Strange shapes and void afflict the soul† can be linked to the plot of Remembering Babylon where Gemmy and the Aboriginal people are considered to be the â€Å"strange shapes† who â€Å"afflict the soul† of the Settlers who fear them and the air of the unknown that accompany them. This could also be reversed, as the Indigenous people may also have viewed the white settler's as â€Å"strange shapes†, and this is supported by their reaction to their discovery of Gemmy when they assume he is â€Å"a spirit†¦come back from the dead†. â€Å"Shadow to the eye†, puts forward some of the key ideas in the novel, as it may be representative of the Aboriginals, who the settler's sometimes think of as â€Å"shadows† because of their fluid movements. The poem goes on to use apocalyptic type imagery which describes Australia's scorched landscape, â€Å"a world on fire†, and puts forward the idea that this place is a world of chaos and is morally devoid and barren. Clare uses other imagery to this effect, such as â€Å"Shall make sun dark and give no day†, which Malouf is able to use as a way of conveying the Absolute Dark, and the idea that there is a dark â€Å"thunder cloud† between the land and â€Å"Heaven† and the sun, in order to convey to the reader that there is no sunlight in this place, there is no happiness and there is no good; this is a place that God does not see. This quote therefore is also extremely significant in preparing the reader for the journey that they are embarking on whilst reading the novel and allowing them to be psychologically ready to understand Malouf's ideas concerning the Settler's and their treatment of the Aboriginal people, as well as Gemmy, as a result of their fear of that which is unknown to them. 2. Chapter titles in relation to theme Chapter 15 – Shards of my nightmares Chapter 16 – ‘Object' of my affection Chapter 17 – Playground rules Chapter 18 – Hope for a future all too far away Chapter 19 – Becoming clean Chapter 20 – Will you remember me? 3. â€Å"Gemmy is both symbol and character† Gemmy is a symbol in that he is a physical manifestation of everything that the white Settler's fear to become, whilst he is a character who the reader is able to watch evolve emotionally and spiritually throughout the text in order to reach an understanding of his own identity. As a symbol Gemmy is regarded as an object of fear and curiosity. He is proof, as the settler's see it, and a justification of their fears of the Aboriginal people, because of Gemmy's loss of his white heritage, of his civilisation, of â€Å"it†. Gemmy is also a beacon of equality in that if he is able to cross over between the two different societies, then, in essence, they surely cannot be that different from each other. Gemmy is representative of everything the settler's fear to become and as a result he is rejected and alienated in their society. As a character, Malouf uses Gemmy as a portal into both worlds; that of the Aboriginals and the world of the settlers, and because of this, readers are ab le to gain a deeper understanding of the novel. 4. Psychological profile of two significant characters: Janet McIvor is a character in Remembering Babylon whose position in society is constrained by her gender and who challenges society through her defiance of gender stereotypes. Her oppression manifests itself as a number of epiphanies which prove to be a catalyst for her mental and spiritual development throughout the novel. â€Å"†¦when the hard crust lifted, to discover†¦another skin, lustrous pearl†¦might have belonged to some other creature altogether†¦if all the rough skin of her present self crushed and came off , what would be revealed, shining in sunlight, was this finer being that had somehow been covered up in her.† Janet's longing to break free of the restraints that society has placed upon her becomes clear through these epiphanies, where the ‘creature' underneath(her true self) is far more extraordinary and exquisite than her outside shell – the mask that she is forced to wear. This shows that Janet is oppressed by the narrow minde d and Eurocentric views of the settlers. Through her epiphanies, Janet becomes closer to a higher power and therefore is able to see the world in clearer light and with more understanding, making her less prone to judgemental behaviour and prejudice over race. In the first moments that the reader is introduced to the character of Lachlan Beattie he is running wild with his imagination, â€Å"Cold air burned his nostrils, snow squeaked underfoot; the gin her carried†¦hung heavy on his arm.† This establishes psychological indications of the characteristics that he may possess as he develops. He shows arrogance as a key part of his personality and a need to be highly thought of by the adults and his peers, â€Å"For a moment back there, seeing himself as these grown-ups might see him, a mere kid†¦he felt a wave of anxiety at how shaky his power might be†. This need for power manifests itself in reality at the end of the novel when the reader sees that Lachlan has become a somewhat powerful politician. . 5. Significance of Mr Frazer's notebook In Remembering Babylon, Mr Frazer's notebook plays a crucial part in allowing Mr Frazer to act as Malouf's mouthpiece in conveying the idea of hybridity between the natives and the settlers, and in enabling readers to understand the purpose of the novel. The notebook allows for the expression of a post colonial attitude towards colonisation, where Malouf presents the concept that if the settlers were to stop exploiting the land and trying to make it habitable, they would see that it already was and could instead integrate themselves into the native society, â€Å"We have been wrong to see that†¦only by†¦sowing with the seeds we have brought with us, and by importing sheep, cattle, rabbits†¦can it be made habitable. It is habitable already.† With their â€Å"English eyes†, the first settlers only saw that they needed to shape Australia into a new England. Malouf is suggesting that colonisation fails if you attempt to make a country (England) on top of another country (Australia) and that they should stop looking for what they are expecting to see, and open their eyes to the wonders that Australia has to offer. It is this attitude, he suggests, that prevents the settlers from adapting to the native way of life; â€Å"We must rub our eyes and look again, clear our minds of what we are looking for to see what is there.† Through this, Malouf is conveying that the settlers are pompous and arrogant to think they could simply impose themselves upon the land, when they should have adapted to it instead. There is also a significant amount of implied criticism in the notebook where Mr Frazer states, â€Å"The children of this land were made for it†, allowing the reader to Malouf is trying to say that the Aboriginal people belong, whereas the settlers do not. This line of thought provokes the reader to form an opinion over who is entitled to the land. Later, Mr Frazer goes to Governor in order to appeal to him to acknowledge these ideas, however his intentions are completely misunderstood by both the Governor and the Premier, â€Å"Had he made himself so unclear?†, and this is an attempt to convey to the reader that the settlers of the time may have had some very genuinely post colonial views and ideas. However these were prevented from becoming a reality by the British government and the bureaucracy of the time, because of their complete self-involvement and lack of regard for anything that does not affect them and their progress. This idea is put forward to support the ignorance of the English settlers. Mr Frazer's notebook, therefore, plays a very significant role in conveying several key themes and ideas in the novel which in turn allow for the reader to gain a deeper and more complete understanding of the novel by forming their own opinions of these ideas. 6. Language is a recurring motif Remembering Babylon is based almost completely around the concept that language is identity – without it we cannot truly belong. Malouf puts forward the concept that everyone is defined by their language and, by extension, their associated culture. This idea is expressed in the text through three distinctly different forms; the written word, the power of language and the wordless communication that occurs on a different, more spiritual, level of consciousness. In the text there are several different examples of written communication, the most prominent of which are Gemmy's life story and Mr. Frazer's letter to the Governor. These examples are used by Malouf as a warning that the written word should not be considered as reliable or accurate as other forms of communication. In the case of Gemmy's life story, George Abbot alters Gemmy's words as he is writing them down, â€Å"†¦he had introduced into what he had set down a phrase or two of his own†¦this scrap of mistruth†, signifying to the audience that just because a piece of ‘history' is written down does not necessarily mean that it is the truth, and that perspective and translation may also have an effect on the final product. Mr. Frazer's letter to the Governor was in relation to his ideas of how the settler's should work to adapt to the land instead of imposing themselves on it, however these ideas are completely misunderstood by the Governor and the Premier, who end up offering Gemmy a job in response, â€Å"Had he made himself so unclear?† Readers are able to understand that that the written language is discouraged by Malouf as a vehicle for miscommunication, shown through Abbot falsifying Gemmy's story and the misunderstanding with relation to Mr. Frazer's letter. The manipulation of Gemmy's story fits the Eurocentric agenda as it parallels the theft by the settlers of Aboriginal land in the novel. Malouf suggests that the power of language lies in its ability to determine how we make meaning from what we see and experience, that we are defined by it and will be rejected from any society that does not support and accept that language. This is true for Gemmy, as he is never fully accepted by the settlers because of his inability to speak the language. Through this, Malouf suggests that language is culturally restrictive and that it is so powerful that it has the ability to alienate those who cannot or will not adopt the language. This draws a link between language in the text and its ability to control identity and purpose. The wordless, spiritual communication represented by the epiphanies experienced by some characters such as Jock and Janet are able to strengthen their individuality and allows for, Janet especially, the development of their own identities that are not moulded by the expectations of society. Through this, characters are able to develop a new level of understanding, where they are able to rise above the prejudice of the petty and those who have a weak sense of identity and who use the settlers' fear of the Aboriginals and Gemmy as a way to connect with them for a sense of inclusion and purpose. This is demonstrated in the text by Andy McKillop, â€Å"He was determined not to be ignored. He had a savage need to convince people of things; but had first, he knew†¦to convince them about himself.† The power of wordless, spiritual communication therefore plays a significant role in conveying the link between language and identity through epiphany. 7. Symbolism Malouf uses symbolism frequently in Remembering Babylon, and to great effect. His use of symbolism is significant in showing the ways in which the settlers attempt to create and maintain a sense of control and psychological superiority over the Aboriginal people, as well as to show how many of the characters in the novel are able to achieve a clearer understanding of the world through an epiphany, bringing them to a new level of spiritual and emotional clarity. Examples of this can be seen through the symbolism of the stick that Lachlan uses as a gun when he first encounters Gemmy, the bees and the fence. Remembering Babylon is very much centred around the theme of racial superiority. Readers are able to gain an understanding from the novel that this superiority does not truly exist, but that the settlers are determined to hold on to any power they have over the Aboriginals in an effort to maintain control. This is demonstrated through the stick that Lachlan uses as a gun when he first encounters Gemmy and the symbolic nature of what the stick represents. Lachlan imagines the stick to be a gun, and therefore a emblem of power and authority. This action is representative of how the settlers ‘imagine' their power over the Aboriginals in the same way that Lachlan pretends that the stick(equality) is a gun(power and superiority), whereas in reality the settlers are equal to the aboriginals, in the same way that the ‘gun' is simply a stick, which holds no commanding power. By imagining that the stick is a gun, Malouf is suggesting that the power and superiority that the settlers(Lachlan) have over the natives(Gemmy) is simply a psychological manifestation of the Eurocentric views that they have been brought up to believe are a reality. In essence, this one action is symbolic of how the settlers' superiority over the Aboriginals exists only in their minds and has no realistic basis. This is done in an attempt to maintain order, as Lachlan imagines the stick as a gun, he is able to maintain control of the situation. Readers understand that Gemmy is aware that the stick is not really a gun, though it may still be used as a weapon, â€Å"It had taken him only a moment of course to see that it was just a stick, but that did not mean it was harmless†, much like how the psychological beliefs of the settlers could have violent and brutal consequences in the physical realm. This is symbolic of the way that the Aboriginal's are aware that there is no real divide between themselves and the settlers as human beings; however they cooperate with the settlers in order to allow them the idea of control, as Gemmy does with Lachlan, which in turn allows for the Aboriginals to continue their lives in a peaceful manner. The stick therefore is a significant and powerful symbol of the settlers' false power, and this symbolism allows for the interpretation by readers of the th eme. The bees in Remembering Babylon are emblematic of a perfect civilization, where all parts of the society work together as a collective for the good of the collective. The nature of the bees can be linked to the nature of the Aboriginal people, who have a system of hunter gatherers who work together for the good of the tribe. This relationship can also be shown in that the bees will not harm a human unless they feel threatened in some way, much like the Indigenous people would not attack the settlers unless they are provoked. However, as can be seen in the text, Mrs. Hutchence, despite relaying this information to Janet, did not entirely believe it herself, â€Å"She saw then†¦that though her own faith had been absolute, Mrs. Hutchence's had not.† This is also figurative of the settler's view of the Aboriginals; that they may attack at any moment, without warning and without provocation, and that, despite the McIvors' insistence that Gemmy is not a threat to the community, many of the settlers are still reluctant to believe them and regard Gemmy as a threat. In the novel, the fence is representative of the dividing line between the Absolute Dark and civilization. This line is clear and definitive, clearly a physical depiction of how the settlers believe that there is a clear and distinct hierarchy between them and the Aboriginals, and this is founded by their belief in white supremacy. The fence is the dividing line between the barbaric and unknown darkness of the Aboriginals and the bright, civilized and safe world of the settlers. It provides a psychological boundary as well as a physical one that separates the Aboriginals from the settlers and allows them the pretence of safety and superiority over them. This physical boundary highlights the need for the settlers to extend this idea of superiority into the physical world through the fence in order to reinforce their unwavering belief that there are no similarities between themselves and the Indigenous people. 8. Literary Techniques used to convey values and themes Malouf uses a number of literary techniques throughout Remembering Babylon that aid in the passage of values and themes to the reader. Several of these techniques are more effective in conveying values and themes; these include Malouf's use of imagery, point of view and style. Remembering Babylon has an omniscient narrative, and therefore the reader is able to look through certain characters' perspectives. They are able to see Sir George's grandeur expectations or Lachlan's youthful view of the world, as in each chapter the narration is filtered through a particular character's perspective. Malouf may have elected to write his novel in the third person as a way to provide different views on certain situations in order to help the reader gain a more complete grasp of the significance of particular events. Third person narrative makes it easier for the reader to understand the transformation of each character in the novel and the profound ways in which Gemmy has influenced their lives, whether it be to bring out the best in them as human beings, or the worst in them through their fear of change and the unknown. Malouf's style is unique, and one of the most potent literary techniques is his restrained writing. This style of writing uses the power of suggestion, which allows the reader to form their own opinions on certain events and ideas in the novel. The most obvious example of this may be Mr. Frazer's visit to the Governor's house where he misunderstands the situation unfolding around him with the Governor's wife and the Premier. As a result of Mr. Frazer's misinterpretation of the situation, the audience is not given a clear understanding of the event; however this allows for reader interpretation and is forced to form their own ideas about what has occurred. Another such example of this style of writing is evident in chapter two of the text, when Gemmy is washed up onto the shore. Malouf has no way of knowing what the Aboriginal people would have been thinking, as he is not an Aboriginal himself and has never experienced their way of life, however Malouf uses this technique to suggest many things about their thoughts of Gemmy. Imagery is a very prominent technique used by Malouf in Remembering Babylon and can be seen when Gemmy is visited in the settlement by the two Aboriginals, â€Å"†¦as he recognised one and then another feature of it, the site of old happenings†¦felt the energy flow back into him, and saw†¦how weak he had grown in these last months†¦the land up there was his mother†¦it belonged to him as he did to it†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This use of imagery demonstrates how Gemmy views the land the way the Aboriginals do – as his ‘mother', a living organism to be taken care of and nurtured. Imagery is used by Malouf as a way of showing the audience the differences in perspective of each of the characters in that not all of them would view the land the way that Gemmy does, and this therefore leads into the theme of how the settlers try to change the land. Gemmy does not understand this, as changing the land to him would be like trying to change his mother. In this way, Malouf is showing the audience the effect that a different upbringing can have on our perception of the world around us. 9. Malouf's sympathies Malouf conveys sympathy towards both the Aboriginals and the Settler's throughout Remembering Babylon. It is obvious that his favour lies with the Indigenous people, as can be seen in chapter two, where Malouf reveals the good nature of the Aboriginals through their partial acceptance of Gemmy after he is washed up on the shore. The tribe who took him in treated Gemmy more like a human being than any of the settlers did throughout the entirety of the novel. However, it can also be seen that Malouf has sympathy for the settlers as well, and this is shown through the characterisation of the McIvors. This is done as, if Malouf were to generalise all of the settlers and to provide the reader with evidence only to support their negative nature, audiences would assume that the settlers were ‘evil' and incapable of human emotions such as kindness and compassion. However, Malouf realises that the settlers are human beings with real emotions and that, while they have been wildly misled by their forefathers about their superiority over other cultures, are not truly evil. Obviously, the vast majority of the settlers stick to their stubborn refusal to accept Gemmy and all that he represents, which is done sometimes out of fear, and sometimes out of malice and contempt, however, some, such as the McIvors and Mrs. Hutchence, who despite being trapped in a society with very prominent Eurocentric views, are able to grow and rise above this, though they still have their reservations. If Malouf did not do this and instead was to generalise all the settlers, presenting them to the reader as the ‘evil' of the story to be hated without question or complaint, he would in essence be conveying the same attitude that the settlers have towards the Aboriginals, by assuming that they are all to be hated and feared, and that there could not possibly be any remnants of goodness in them.

Art and Historical Analysis of an Ancient Bell Krater Essay

In the Ancient Gallery in the Chazen Museum of Art, there is a bell krater from Attica, Greece that was made around 460-450 BCE. It is a ceramic vase that is in excellent condition with the exception of a few chips on the red-figure decoration. The Bell Krater (figure 1, figure 2) stands under two feet tall and is just over one foot in width. Overall, the scene and design style on this krater is mostly consistent throughout the entire body of the vase, but there are a few formal elements that separate the scenes on Side A (figure 1) from Side B (figure 2). The three main elements that will be discussed include technique, space, and line, as they all have a significant impact on how the viewer sees the artwork. While the Bell Krater is cohesive as a whole, the different use of formal elements on each side would have created individual impressions for the viewer in Ancient Greece as they surveyed both viewpoints while dining in their home. In the Bell Krater, the technique differs so greatly between Side A and Side B, that it is reasonable to suggest that each was painted by a different artist. The personal ways in which each artist handled the red-figure decoration establishes their separate techniques and thus gives each scene completely different emotions for the viewer to pick up on. On Side A, the red-figure decoration shows Theseus pursuing Helen, and uses strong yet intricate lines, giving the scene a sense of strength and intensity. The heavy strokes add definition and purpose to the figures’ actions, but the artist still manages to use plenty of detail, especially in the figures’ garments and faces. This detail would have allowed the scene to come to life for viewers in Ancient Greece by giving off a sense of motion from the intricate pleats of the clothing, and also emotion due to the different facial expressions of the figures. Side B, which portrays a maid bringing news to the queen, also uses strong lines, but with much less detail and fluidity. The intensity of these motions subside the resilience of the actions of the characters and create an overall more static scene due to the stiff lines and minor use of details in the scene within the garments and the figures’ faces. On account of there being less elaboration, viewers in Ancient Greece would have seen the picture as being much more static as well as containing less emotion, but it would also seem less intense and calmer than Side A. In the Bell Krater, the artists’ treatment of space helps to depict images of a three-dimensional world onto a two-dimensional surface. This would have helped the viewer visualize the story that was being told in the scenes more readily by using body positioning, gestures, and stance to form space between characters and furthermore helped give different impressions to the viewers due to the differences in space on each side of the vase. On Side A, the viewer would have gotten the impression of forcefulness coming from Theseus towards Helen. This is due to the positioning of their bodies and their stance as Theseus reaches out to grab Helen, as well as how close the figures are placed together. On the contrary, with Side B the viewer would have had an impression that the characters are calmer but also less familiar with each other. This is because of the figures’ more relaxed postures, the erect stances of the maid and queen, and the fact that they stand at a further distance to each other than Theseus and Helen on Side A. The contrasting depictions of space on each side of the Bell Krater, one with a seeming forcefulness while the other maintaining a calmer demeanor, offers separate moods for the viewer to process. This allows the vase to have a certain depth of personality that adds to the stories the scenes are portraying that could not be accomplished with a single scene. In the Bell Krater, the artists’ treatment of line helps to create different paths of movement within each scene. The artists used smaller visible lines in the drawings to make a larger invisible line of sight which would have aided viewers in perceiving the types of motions that would have occurred in the stories being portrayed. Although the Bell Krater is bound together by the same patterns that surround the two scenes, there are some distinct differences between the two sides. For example, Side A depicts a linear point of view and horizontal focus through all three figures’ outstretched arms and Theseus’ spear which is held horizontally in the image. Alternatively, Side B has more vertical points of focus due to the figures’ upright stature, the positioning of their arms, which are bent at the elbows, and the staff and columns shown in the scene. The difference in types of lines on each side of the Bell Krater help create separate emotions for each scene. For someone observing this vase in Ancient Greece while dining, they would feel the sense of urgency being portrayed as well as a more rushed movement on Side A due to the horizontal lines. On Side B, the diners would notice slower movement being depicted as well as a sense of peacefulness due to the more vertical lines being used which was not present on Side A. In Ancient Greece, vase painting allowed for each artist to have different techniques and styles. In the case of the Bell Krater, it is possible that each side was painted by a different artist since the technique varies so greatly between the two. In red-figure painting, the painter outlined the figures and then colored the background black. The red clay of the vase was reserved for the figures themselves and a soft brush was used to draw the interior details. This type of painting allowed the artist to alter the thickness of lines and detailing of figures as they saw fit. As a result, there was variance in each artist’s techniques which created individual impressions of their work for the viewer to observe. During the Classical Artistic Period of Ancient Greece, kraters were used to mix wine and water during meals. When the artists created the Bell Krater, they would have taken the space of the object into consideration while sculpting and painting it. Space is not just when painters depict an image, but also the space that the object occupies. In this case, they knew it would be used while dining at a table setting inside a home. For this reason, the Bell Krater has a scene on each side of it so that diners can view the artwork from whichever side of the table they happen to be sitting at. The use of space both two-dimensionally and three-dimensionally for the Bell Krater would have allowed for differing impressions for the viewer while dining. In Ancient Greece, many of the scenes on vases were of mythological stories that were well known by the majority of the population. The Bell Krater is no exception to this, and depicts two stories on Side A and Side B that viewers in Ancient Greece would have been able to recognize easily with the help of line, which helps define the artwork’s shape and form. On Side A, the scene portrays Theseus pursuing Helen, daughter of Zeus. The story goes that Theseus, who was in search for a suitable wife, was persuaded by his friend Peirithous to marry a daughter of Zeus. Theseus decided to abduct Helen, a princess of Sparta, with the help of his friend. In order to return the favor to Peirithous, Theseus left Helen with his mother, Aethra, before he went to help capture Persephone from the Underworld for Peirithous. The two were tricked and captured by Hades though, and were unable to return to the living. The horizontal lines that are used on Side A help create the sense of urgency that is needed in order to correctly depict the scene from the story of Theseus abducting Helen. On Side B, the scene shows a maid bringing news to the queen. The origin of this scene is less obvious than Side A, but one possibility is that the maid and queen are Aethra and Helen. This is feasible because according to the story of Theseus and Helen, after Theseus was trapped in the Underworld, Helen’s brothers came to rescue her and in turn also made Aethra into her slave. The vertical lines and focus of Side B make this story seem even more likely because they help in giving the sense that the figures are less connected and less comfortable with each other than the figures on Side A. The scenes on the Bell Krater work together to create one cohesive vase, but the contrasting use of the formal elements on each side would have created distinctly different reactions from the viewer in Ancient Greece as they observed both sides while dining in their home. The technique, space, and line of the Bell Krater differ on each side of the vase and would have helped give the viewer a different impression of each scene due to these contrasting uses of the formal elements. Additionally, the technique behind red-figure painting, the uses for kraters, and the stories being told on the Bell Krater would all have helped give the viewer in Ancient Greece completely different feelings towards each side of the krater.

Lemons problem and its effects on the efficient functioning of a Essay

Lemons problem and its effects on the efficient functioning of a market - Essay Example The lemons problem, in the investment field, is noticeable in areas such as corporate finance and insurance (Mishkin 420). The lemons problem is essential in business as it clarifies those who are overexploited, in business dealing, and those who are not (Akerlof 1). Information asymmetry occurs when parties to a transaction lack the same degree of information essential to formulate an informed decision. For instance, in the market for used vehicles, the purchaser mainly cannot establish the value of a car accurately and might, therefore, just be willing to pay a minimal price for the car (Akerlof 1). This is somewhere between the premium price and the bargain price (Mishkin 434). Nevertheless, this tilts the proceedings in favor of a lemon vendor. This is because, even as the normal price for this lemon would be higher than the value it would command, the purchaser knew beforehand that it was, in fact, a lemon (Mishkin 435). Also, such a happening puts the seller of a proper used car at a disadvantage, as the best price a vendor can expect is an average price, but not the premium price the vehicle shou ld

Ryle's criticisms of Cartesian Dualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Ryle's criticisms of Cartesian Dualism - Essay Example In the physical world, people can communicate, but the mental conscious world is completely hidden from view and unknowable by others. To the question of what kind of knowledge can be obtained by the minds workings, the Cartesian dualist perspective asserts that consciousness is able to get a good grasp of the present workings of ones mind, which cannot be shaken as unreal, in spite of inputs by Freud with regard to some unconscious, subconscious impulses that can also govern the conscious processes. The data is presented within the immediate time frame, available to the consciousness or mind. Together with this data are the fruits of one person’s going into himself, introspectively, to examine his minds contents as a kind of self-observation. The other, meanwhile, is not privy and is completely shut out of this immediate consciousness experience. Even language is said to reflect this view of consciousness as something innate and to which the external actions in the environmen t register and make impressions. Ryle calls this whole infrastructure of thought the ghost in the machine dogmatic formulation. He contests this dogma on several grounds and objects to its validity. Ryle testifies that the whole ghost in the machine infrastructure or theory of mind is completely false (Ryle, 1949, pp. 11-16) â€Å"I shall often speak of it, with deliberate abusiveness, as ‘the dogma of the Ghost in the Machine’. I hope to prove that it is entirely false, and false not in detail but in principle. It is not merely an assemblage of particular mistakes. It is one big mistake and mistake of a special kind. It is, namely, a category mistake (Ryle, Descartes myth, 1949, pp. 15-16, Paragraph #2) The core of the objection is with regard to the Cartesian view of the dualism of mind and body as a category mistake and a myth of the philosopher, meaning that in essence those mental processes are miscategorized and made to fit a category to which they do not belong. Ryle

Do Gulf Arabs value profit over people Research Paper

Do Gulf Arabs value profit over people - Research Paper Example However, the research indicates the issues of forced labor, economic exploitation and other forms of confiscation of human rights are common in the Gulf States. Many authors believe that the Kafala sponsorship system serves as the main source of exploitation. This system enables the affluent Arabs to use their authority to gain maximum benefits from the migrant workers. Under this system, recruitment and selection process is normally conducted in the home country of migrant workers. The agents remain in constant touch with the Arabs and they provide them employment details and terms and conditions to the agents. The Kafala system enables the sponsor to impose his own determined terms and conditions and employment provisions to the migrant workers who pay a considerable amount of money to the agents in their native country in order to gain access in the Gulf countries. There are numerous incidents indicate that the Kafeel even do not provide them basic employment conditions and standa rdized wages, salaries, bonuses and other benefits to the migrant workers. As the migrant workers know the consequences if they do not accept the harsh employment terms and conditions, they become an easy prey for the Gulf Arabs who treat them as their slaves and give the inadequate employment facilities. Thesis Statement The research indicates that the Gulf Arabs value profits over people. ... ave the highest percentage of migrant workers (Sonmez et al., 2011, p.1).The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)’s members are Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman and the UAE and there are 35 million people living in the GCC countries; out of which 17 million are expatriates. According to International Labor Organization (ILO) and Human Rights Watch (HRW), about half of the UAE’s 4 million residents served in the Dubai’s construction sector and 95 percent of the UAE’s workforce are contributed by the migrant workers. As a result, the UAE has become a hub for the migrant workers coming not only from developing but also from developed countries as well. Large numbers of Western expatriates come to the UAE. The main reasons include tax-free salaries, perks and benefits. These perks and benefits are the results of the economic growth and development that has led to a substantial boom in the UAE’s sex; girls and women are illegally trafficked while oth ers find money and charm in the life style of the UAE. The forced labor and the Kafala sponsorship system The GCC countries do not offer free labor mobility. The migrant workers are disallowed to offer their services to the businesses in the GCC countries. Recruitment and selection process do not take place in the GCC countries but the migrant workers’ home country facilitates the process of selection and recruitment. As soon as workers obtain a work permit and a work contract for residence and entry, they become contractually tied to sponsors living in the GCC countries. The Kafala system is that guest-workers’ passports are held by the employer- sponsor, known as Kafeel (Gibney and Lansen, 2005 p. 407). This system can be identified as the modern manifestation of slavery (Varia, 2008, p.26). The kafala system

Risk identification is an underdeveloped art Discuss and include an Essay

Risk identification is an underdeveloped art Discuss and include an overview of risk identification aids and techniques in yo - Essay Example These entrepreneurs are called trendsetters in a market. In a dynamic environment, swift business decisions are required to be taken in response to the fast changing environment. This adaptability is essential for the survival of the business. Risks in a business cannot be avoided. Is the management risk averse? Risk is inevitable in a business process and it is involved in every activity of the business, though the degree of the risk is insignificant in many cases. Therefore, the approach should be: Is a particular risk tolerable, considering the willingness and ability of the management to take risk? The business decisions need to be consistent with the management’s policy with regard to risk. In all other cases, the management has to decide whether the risk is acceptable at all. Therefore, risk identification is a continuous process in an organization to evaluate the risk potential of the business decisions, its impact on the business in the worse scenario and the risk rewa rd ratio. Risk Analysis If risk identification or analysis is considered as an art, the passion and ability for analysis on the part of the personnel is important, and the management’s recognition and support for this function should form the basis for its efficient and successful functioning and contribution to the business development. Risk analysis or risk identification in this sense is as a continuous process as a part of the management function with necessary authority at its disposal and suitable place in the management structure. Risk analysis calls for collecting information from external and internal sources. The analyst needs to possess the analytical ability and proficiency in using various analytical tools for the purpose of analysis. Collection of information from the internal sources through various periodical reports, surveys, job cards and other records is a regular process. Classification of this information for various analytical purposes for the current us e or storage of the classified information for future use is important. The information has to be cross-verified for its correctness and reliability by using various auditing and other techniques. The information is analyzed for abnormalities or other indications and recorded either for future use or further action by the different departmental heads. Barron and Barron (2011) suggest keeping the management informed of project risks and potential impacts at all times. The understanding of the business by the analyst in this process is enhanced and it would be useful in evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses in the system. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Organization Analysis of the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization is the first step in risk identification because opportunities and challenges in the environment have to be analyzed in relation to the strengths and weaknesses of the organization to evaluate the preferred course of action or to formulate adaptive strategies. Starr et al. (2003) state, ‘Enterprise resilience is the ability and capacity to withstand systemic discontinuities and adapt to new risk environments. A resilient organization effectively aligns its strategy, operations, management systems, governance structure, and decision-support capabilities so that it can uncover and adjust to continually changing risks, endure disruptions to its primary earnings drivers, and create advantages over less

The History of Tattoos in the USA Research Paper

The History of Tattoos in the USA - Research Paper Example â€Å"In the Jesuit Relations of 1663, it was reported that an Iroquois chief known to the French as "Nero" bore on this thighs 60 tattooed characters, each of which symbolized an enemy killed with his own hand†. Captain James Cook made a voyage to Tahitia in 1769 where he noticed that the local people were skilled in making their skins. The indigenous people printed symbols on their bodies and tattooing was established as a field of art. The American sailors in the early nineteenth century played a fundamental role in the evolvement of tattooing in the USA. In the ancient America, tattoos were associated with the sailors that used to learn the art of tattooing from their seagoing brethren of the British origin. Sailors in the past used to have faith in the power of tattoos. Sailors would carve their skin to display patterns that they believed had the power to protect them on their sea voyages, â€Å"pay homage to sailing traditions and the fraternity of seafarers, memorializ e loved ones, and showcase mementos of significant experiences and exotic locales† (â€Å"Skin and bones†). Pricking was the term used for the log of the seamen. People began to open their shops near the ports of the ships in order to provide the sailors with access to the tattoos. The designs of tattoos were inspired by the sea-life. There were tattoos of mermaids, anchors and numerous other objects like crosses and hearts. Sailor Jerry Collins is placed amongst the pioneers of the traditional tattooing practice in the USA. He wanted to bring a revolution in the Western style. According to him, the indigenous

I believe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I believe - Essay Example When I was in junior high school, I joined the basketball team, we had matches held every Saturday against other schools in the league, we practice a lot during the whole week days and we were confident to think every time that no team is better than us. In our first game we were defeated with the score 80-2. I was so much disturbed that I never thought we would be so bad, and at that time I just felt that simply training is not enough. I went back home and during dinner I told my dad about the basket ball team and my idea to quit the basketball team and join the soccer team. I said that the basketball team was a mere waste of time. My dad seemed to be inconsistent with my opinion, he went mad and shouted at me, he told me that â€Å"if one loss makes you to think of giving up, I am sure you will neither match my success and nor will make your life meaningful† He told me that, when he was young and just started working for his father he had to confront with variety of people and a range of treatments. They were of the view that my dad contracted this position because his dad was the owner of the company, but that didn’t stop him. He remained deaf towards their comments and was contemplating on improving his working style and within 3 months he became a salesperson with a fantastic proof of selling the maximum number of product of that year... Even then I found myself not convinced with his moral; I was still obsessed with the thought that his experience has a lot of discrepancy with mine... The team was so bad, but in order to flee from my dad’s resentment I remained in the basketball team itself. During that year we had lost most of our games, the thought of quitting was taunting me every time when I went for the match, but the words of my dad kept echoing â€Å"Do not think of Giving up!†.. So I decided to stay, and started concentrating in practicing and trying to analyze the

Choose one topic from the suggested topics on Hamlet. I will upload Research Paper

Choose one topic from the suggested topics on Hamlet. I will upload again - Research Paper Example Hamlet serves as one of the greatest tragedies ever produced not only in the history of English Literature, but also in the history of all literary pieces of the world at large (Mack 44). Created by the illustrious dramatist of all ages William Shakespeare by 1602, the play concentrates upon the revenge to be taken by the protagonist Hamlet from the King Claudius for murdering his father while his sleeping in the orchard (Evans 197). Shakespeare has elaborated the theme of the play in a powerful manner through various characters involved into the developments associated with the revenge in one way or the other, which proves his command over depicting both goodness and evil (Daiches 562)-- the elements that exist in every personality as well as in all social establishments of the world without discrimination Macionis 130). Consequently, the playwright has skillfully portrayed the phenomena existing in the social, natural and physical environment of humans at large. By making a critica l examination of the protagonist, it becomes crystal clear that on the one side, Hamlet appears to be the representative of goodness, who looks determined to punish the cruel and treacherous murderer of his father (Bloom 410-11); and on the other side, he is confused and reluctant to kill Claudius while he is praying and meditating in his chamber (III, iii, 73-96). It successfully demonstrates the external and internal conflicts Shakespeare aims to define in the play (Denton 2009) through his characters. The internal conflicts haunt Hamlet first due to the his mother’s second marriage to Claudius within few weeks of the death of her first husband. It is therefore, he laments that even a beast, wanting the discourse of wisdom (I, ii, 149-50) could wait more than her mother, who did not bother to delay her incestuous marriage for some appropriate period of time even (I, ii, 156-57). Hence, Hamlet mourns the death of his father in the same manner that had been in vogue in the El izabethan era (Kirsch 21), where he has demonstrated his sheer feelings of love for his father by exclaiming that his inky cloak (I, ii, 77), reflects mere a small proportion of his grief. Similarly, he also experiences internal conflict on finding his uncle at the position of his father, though he is far inferior to his father in all regards, in the same manner that ordinary people are inferior to the mighty Hercules (I, ii, 153). Secondly, disclosure made by the ghost of his father regarding his foul and most unnatural murder (I. v. 25), also endorses his suspicion regarding Claudius’s hand in the murder of his father. Since Hamlet has learnt about the story of his father’s murder, he is urged by the ghost to take revenge from Claudius of such a cruel and unfair crime he has committed against King Hamlet. Hence, the ghost’s disclosure about the murder of King Hamlet turns Prince Hamlet aggressive, who prefers to stay in Denmark rather returning to Wittenberg t o continue his education. Inner conflict Hamlet undergoes could be discovered while his dealings with Ophelia, the girl he has been in love with. He not only intends to marry her, but also obtains a powerful response from her side too (III.i.112–

A View from a Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View from a Bridge Essay I feel sorry for Eddie Carbone to a certain extent in A View from the Bridge because what he does is to protect his niece Catherine but in some parts of the play he deserves it. I feel sorry for Eddie Carbone because what he does is to protect his niece. Eddie has taken care of Catherine and he tries to hide her away from the outside world, he doesn’t want her to grow up. At the start of the play Eddie’s character is portrayed as a kind but quite over protective of Catherine, you see Eddie as a caring father-figure to Catherine so you assume he loves her as his own daughter. You can tell by the way he talks to her and how interested he is when she speaks. At the point where Catherine tells Eddie that she has got a job he becomes very concerned because he thinks she can do better but she will also attract a lot of men’s attention where she will work. I feel sorry for Eddie at this point in the play because he finds it hard to admit that Catherine is growing up, I guess I just never figured that you would ever grow up. Later on in the play when the cousins arrive Catherine is taking too much interest in Rodolpho, you see that Eddie is getting jealous. However, I do not feel sorry for Eddie because what he does he deserves it. Eddie is very over protective of Catherine which means that he doesn’t like it when she attracts men especially after she has got a job near the docks. When the cousins arrive Catherine is interested in Rodolpho this annoys Eddie because he is trying to keep her away from.

Week 7 Assignment Busn 420 Essay Example for Free

Week 7 Assignment Busn 420 Essay Since this class is going to be part of my major and all the reading and the concept of business law, it will be very helpful for my major as well. In this 7 weeks I have learned about contracts, verbal, electronics and some others that I know are going to be part of my every day tasks, also at the mean time where to go or to do at a specific court house too. The knowledge that I got since taking this class and the way Im going to analyze the legal aspect of my career. Also the differences in how each states have they own business law (courts) and how to apply for them too. Like common law that I never heard about this law and what constitute to business, in my own I made a lot of mistakes before because I didn’t know what I know now about how or which type of business should I have or where to go, the difference among corporations or in which way I could be affected if anything happens. How partnerships will affect the relations with my partners specially if they are members of my family or friends. I personally had a LLC Corporation and to tell you the true I didnt know the meaning or the privilege of having a LLC Corporation like I do now, I know that the steps that I need to do now if I would like to have or open another corporation and all because of this class. This time I know I wont make the same mistakes I made in the pass, specially signing contract or agree to something I dont know, and learn how to identify remedies available ac cording to each states too, for example UCC SALE OF GOODS and to make sure the contract is valid or had been made according to the law or with ARTICLE 2 SALES OF THE UCC. All this knowledge that I obtained in this class its making me a better professional businessman, I will handle and perform better in any position management, also knowing and dealing with everything this class thought me I will challenge anything, by know what to do or where to go(courts) that deal with any legal matter (business law) Im ready. Thanks.

Aviation and the environment: Virgin Atlantic

Aviation and the environment: Virgin Atlantic Introduction As the years go by and as technology advances the environment is becoming fragile. This is because of the continual pressure on the natural resources available to man. The adverse effects of human activities on the environment have become evident as there has been an increase in earthquakes, floods, landslides, melting of polar ice caps and the rise in sea level towards the end of the 21st century and start of the 22nd. It is due to this fact that the concept of responsible human activities was brought up by environmental conservationists. This concept proposes that the reduction of greenhouse gases can be achieved through the use of cleaner energy and/or through efficient use of energy. The transport industry produces a significant amount of greenhouse gases on a yearly basis; estimated at 15% of the total greenhouse production in the world. Data collected shows that 23% of all carbon dioxide released into the environment is from the transport industry (See, 2009). Carbon dioxide emissions have been seen to grow by half in a period of seventeen years between 1990 and 2007. Studies show that global greenhouse gas emissions are directly proportional to economic growth. The global financial crisis of 2007 resulted in a drop in greenhouse gas emissions as people were seen to travel less. This shows that the transport industry indeed has a significant effect on global greenhouse gas emissions and therefore measures are needed so as to reduce these emissions in an attempt to reduce the yearly global emissions (Banhart and Odoni, 2009). Air transport pollutes the environment by emitting harmful gases such as COx, NOx, SOx and particulate matter into the air. This mode of transport has also been criticized for noise pollution with the concord being an example of a noise pollutant. Pollution from air travel is a major concern for environmentalists as the yearly emissions from the industry are expected to increase in the future. This is due to the fact that air travel is still in its growth stages and as the world becomes a global village more air traffic will result. On the contrary, greenhouse gas emissions from road transport are expected to reduce in the future due to the advancement in technology and the use of more efficient engines i.e. turbocharged engines, computer controlled combustion sequences etc. Gasoline engines have evolved in the last twenty years from carburetor engines, to EFI (Electronic Fuel Injection) to VVT-i (Valve Variable Timing with Intelligence). This evolution is expected to continue until emissions from road transport are reduced to the least possible (Balmer, 2010). There are different proposals on the measures that could be taken so as regulate air travel and reduce greenhouse emissions from the industry. These include increased taxation of the aviation industry, abolishment of incentives for air travel passengers and emissions trading schemes. Other factors such as a responsible corporate culture and have also been mentioned as possible ways through which emissions from air travel can be reduced. The harmful effects of aviation on the environment have often brought to question the morality of air travel with some critics claiming that air travel is not only immoral and unethical as it causes damage to the habitats of people without properly compensating them. Africa in particular is the greatest victim of global warming with the continent bearing the brunt of the commercial activities of the modern world. Global warming has been found to result in reduction in food production in Africa by 10%; 2 million people die in a year due to malnourishme nt (Cline, 2007). Some aircraft engineers think that the development of more efficient combustion engines and air frame designs have the potential of reducing the yearly greenhouse gas emissions from the industry. This comes at a time when airplane manufacturers are committed to increasing the fuel efficiency of commercial jets by making better designs. The use of alternative fuels for airplanes is also seen by some aviation engineers as a possible solution to the emissions problem. However, critics claim that as aircraft engines become more efficient there is a proportional increase in aircraft traffic thus offsetting the benefits of the new technology. They further claim that the useful life of an aircraft spans between 12 and 8 years and thus it would take long to replace old technology with new technology thus resulting in extensive damage to the environment. The Virgin Atlantic Airline is at the forefront of the fight against air pollution. This is evident by the numerous programs and ventures started by the company so as to reduce its annual greenhouse emissions. It is also the first aircraft company in the United States that reports its emissions to the climate registry. This study will focus on the Virgin Atlantic Airline company and will attempt to assess the impacts that the airline has to the environment and the measures that have been taken so as to reduce the annual emissions of the company. The study will also focus on the technical aspects of aircraft manufacture and operation that have an impact on greenhouse gas emissions (Virgin Atlantic, 2010). Data will be collected from a study carried out in the Virgin Atlantic airline. The data will be collected from technical personnel, engineers, directors, environmentalists and flight personnel so as to gain an understanding of the firms practices and how they affect the environment. The data will then be analysed and from the analysis discussions and suitable recommendations will be made. Research questions What impacts do airline operations have on the environment? What is the Virgin Airline companys policy towards the environment? Has a pro-environment policy in the company resulted in increased customer satisfaction and loyalty? What technical aspects of airplane design and construction have been changed so as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Which operational measures have been taken so as to reduce green house gas emissions? Are the measures taken by the company practical and realistic? Should other airline companies follow the Virgin Atlantic example? Literature review Exemplary leadership and sound company policies are seen to be the key ingredients in minimizing the effects of the transport industry to the environment. A vibrant leadership that is able to formulate sound policies and that can be able to put these practices into effect is desperately needed if the aviation industry is to go ‘green. The Virgin Atlantic chairman Sir Richard Branson is an example of effective leader who has seen sound company policies being transformed into practical solutions for his organisation. Many companies are yet to adopt similar policies even in an age when there is widespread information on the need to conserve the environment. Sir Branson has welcomed other major airlines and aircraft operators to form a common initiative that will work towards finding solutions for the industry. It is evident that a clear vision at top level management is the driver behind the implementation of environmentally friendly aviation practices (Virgin Atlantic, 2010). Another contributing factor that has enabled the Virgin Airline to reduce its annual carbon emissions is the fact that there exists a flexible and innovative culture within the organisation. According to the company, sustainability must be accompanied by change; staff have to be trained on how to cope with the challenges of the modern world. The companys staff have been educated on the effects of carbon emissions and have been encouraged to find ways in which they could reduce these emissions in their respective areas of work. Such a culture lacks in many aviation companies and is the reason why the Virgin Atlantic is a leader in sustainable aviation. (Virgin Atlantic, 2010). Virgin Atlantic has invested into a fleet of more efficient aircraft that are able to cut the greenhouse gas emissions by 27%. The company has liaised with its manufacture Boeing Commercial Airplanes who have been able to design a more efficient aircraft for the company; Dreamliner 787-9. This is in line with companys goals to have reduced its carbon emissions by 30% before the year 2020. This plane is built from composite materials that are lighter compared to the conventional aluminum alloys. The airplane also has an increased carrying capacity of 290 passengers. Due to modifications in its engines and aerodynamics the aircraft produces 60 percent less noise compared to the A series Boeing already in service. The company also intends to benefits the customer with this new technology through the reduction in air travel fares and the design of improved cabin environments. The company has established a fuel panel that has the responsibility of ensuring that the company saves up to 7000 tonnes of jet fuel in a year. This panel is made up of technical personnel, engineers and pilots who meet periodically and formulate ways of reducing fuel consumption. It is from these meetings that pilots are taught how to minimize fuel consumption when in cruise mode during takeoff and landing. An innovative piloting technique devised by Virgin Atlantic pilots is the continuous descent technique that involves a gradual descent by the pilot from much higher altitudes and thus resulting in reduced fuel burnt and consequently CO2 emissions. The company is also working on the concept of starting grids where the aircraft will be stored in bays close to the runways and then towed to the runways ten minutes before departure. This is expected to cut the amount pre take off fuel consumption by half (Virgin Atlantic, 2010). In a quest to reduce its emissions the company has been able to reduce the weight of its A series aircraft. This involves the substitution of materials inside the aircraft for lighter materials i.e. interior fittings, catering equipment. The company has substituted its metal oxygen tanks with carbon fibre ones, uses lighter paints for aircraft surfaces, replaced metal cargo bins with carbon fibre ones. Other measures such as the removal of used bottles and containers before the next flight have been taken so as to reduce the total takeoff weight of the aircraft. The company has also taken measures towards the implementation of sound air traffic management practices. The chairman Sir Branson is found to say that the efficiency of European airlines could be improved if a single airline management authority was put in place so as to replace the 35 that exist. He further notes that with better air traffic management this could result in better aircraft routes and therefore reduced emissions. The company has proposed the formation of a single sky; a single authority to man and regulate flight routes. This would however require the cooperation of local authorities and government; the company is working towards the achievement of this goal in the future (Virgin Atlantic, 2010). Other measures taken by the company include the reduction in energy used by its ground based sites. This is done through proper employee education, investment in cost effective electrical appliances, installation and the generation of electricity from solar panels. The company has also put measures in place so as to save water in all its processes and operations; cleaning operations, catering, clubhouses to aircraft maintenance. The company has also launched a waste management program that plans to recycle 50% of all the waste generated during active flight and from ground operations. This is aimed at reducing the burden on the environment due to the services and utilities offered to passengers by the airline. The company has even a gone a step further by providing mass transport services for its employees so as to reduce single occupant journeys. The reason for this is to reduce the carbon footprints resulting from services that support the airline but not directly related to it. The Virgin Atlantic airline has shown extraordinary commitment to the conservation of the environment. Not only has the company focused on air pollution but on other forms such as land and water pollution. The chairman of the company has pledged to reinvest the companys profits for the next ten years into the conservation of the environment. This commitment is unmatched by any other airline company and analysts claim that it could be a strategic move to align itself with a rapidly changing world that is becoming increasingly conscious of the threats posed to the environment by human activities (Virgin Atlantic, 2010). Methodology Participants The respondents for the study were selected from employees of the Virgin Atlantic airline in London. This was done so as to gain an understanding of the specific measures that the company has taken with respect to the environment. Respondents from the general public were also selected for the study so as to collect the opinions and feelings of the general public with respect to the aviation industry. These respondents were chosen from people living around airports. Top level management officials were also selected for the study; airline directors and chief officers. Structured and formal interviews Structured and formal interviews will be used in the data collection process. This method has been favoured as it offers several advantages; the researcher will have control of the process, allows the researcher to prioritize questions, prevents the researcher from deviating off the key aspects of the study and saves time by allowing the researcher to ask as many questions in the shortest time possible. The researcher recorded the responses received and then transcribed these responses so as to facilitate analysis of the data. A copy of the questions sheet has been attached at the appendices section (Appendix 1) Emails It was noted during the study that some respondents were not available for face to face interviews. This was mainly due to distance barriers and lack of convenience. Secondary sources Secondary sources such as journals, books, and news prints were compared with the primary data. These were accessed through physical libraries, online libraries and databases. Data analysis The audio records were transcribed to written data. The data was then coded so as to allow for qualitative analysis of the data using statistical software. The IBM V 18 spss statistical package was used to analyse the coded data and from these codes develop visual representations of the data. Benefits of this software include its ability to analyse and develop relationships between various sets of data thus proving useful for the study. Results The answers for each research question were assessed and then coded. These codes were then analyzed statistically and the results displayed visually using pie charts and bar graphs. What do you think is the most notable environmental impact of the aviation industry? Due to the recent increase in aviation related accidents do you think that the aviation industry is still as safe mode of transport? Does the aviation industry need to take necessary measures so as to make it environmentally friendly? Most airline companies are committed to conserving the environment and implementing sustainable practices in their operations. Does company policy have an effect on the approach of an airline company towards air and noise pollution? Do customers tend to prefer airlines that are environmentally conscious? Do you think that the Virgin Atlantic airline has taken genuine steps towards the conservation of the environment? Can changes in the design and engineering of aircraft reduce the impact that they have on the environment? Which aspects of aircraft design do you think are the most critical in the attempt to reduce the environmental impact of aviation? Do you believe that it is possible and practical for airline companies to be sustainiable in nature? Do you support the proposed emissions trading scheme that will have airlines pay for any excessive emissions that they produce? Do you think that the Virgin Atlantic airline provides a good example of environmental conscious business for other airline companies? Discussion Impacts of the aviation industry to the environment The respondents interviewed in the study were found to be well knowledgeable about the aviation industry and its potential impacts to environment. The first question that the researcher asked the respondents was aimed at gaining some insight on the opinions of different people on the effects aircraft operations to the environment. Most respondents claimed that aviation as an industry resulted in pollution to the environment. The three main types of pollution noted in the study include gaseous emissions, release of particles into the air and noise pollution. It was however noted that majority of the respondents claimed that gaseous emissions were the most serious type of pollution that airline companies need to control. It was also found that there is generally minimal knowledge on the existence of particle emissions from aircraft among residents who lived near airports Mainstream media has been found to have a great impact on the opinions of the general public towards pollution and the environment. Coincidentally gaseous emissions which include C0x, N0x and S0x compounds have been extensively covered by media and thus the increased interest/awareness in these issues. Particulate matter release on the other hand has not been well addressed by mainstream media and thus less concern for this type of pollution. In a paper by Person (2005) he claims that particulate matter though ignored by most engineers and environmentalists leads to the damage of the environment, deterioration of human health and has harmful impacts on the engine of the aircraft. In the paper he further addresses the need for engineers and designers to maintain low levels of particulate matter from aircraft engines in an attempt to increase engine lifetime and improve on combustion efficiency. The Transportation Research Board (2005) further explorers the need for a regulatory body t o ensure that all aircraft produce a certain amount of particulate matter so as to reduce environmental pollution. He further states that biofuels though are perceived to be beneficial to the environment could result in higher amounts of particulate matter release into the environment. This study was able to show that there is significant knowledge on the adverse effects of uncontrolled aviation. All respondents acknowledged the fact that the aviation industry places some unseen burden onto the natural environment. However, it was also found that there lacks an alternative source for cleaner, cheaper and readily available fuels. Safety of airline industry The second question was aimed at investigating on the level of trust and confidence of the respondents on the safety of aircrafts. It was found that 63% of all respondents interviewed had confidence in the aviation industry. These respondents claimed that they felt safe and at ease when using this means of transport or operating in the industry. Further probing shows that most respondents thought that aircraft accidents are inevitable and must occur at some point. It was also common belief among respondents that every type of transport has a certain level of risk with most respondents claiming that aviation has the lowest risk factor. Airline directors and airline employees were found to be more aware of the potent risks that exist in the aviation industry compared to environmentalists and residents. This is because these people through their experiences in the industry had come to realize that it is through the continuous checks and quality control processes that airline companies carry out that the accident rates are kept low. Engineers and technical staff were particularly found to be most aware of this fact as they were actively involved in the day to day maintenance of aircraft. One engineer was noted to say he tries his best to ensure that aircraft are 100% accurate but sometimes some things go unchecked and these could result in fatalities. He further claims that no human can ever be perfect including engineers and technical staff and therefore there is always some element of risk that exists when flying a plane. Twenty seven percent of the respondents claimed that the aviation industry was unsafe with most quoting aircraft accidents such as the Flight 93 of United Airlines and the 1977 Tenerife accident. It was also noted that some respondents chose this answer due to lack of sufficient knowledge on the aviation. This was evident among respondents chosen from people living in the vicinity of airports and who had minimal background knowledge on the aviation industry. However, this element of ignorance did not have an effect on the study as only a small proportion of respondents thought that aircrafts were unsafe; 23%. Need for change in aviation industry The third question was geared towards gaining an understanding on the general opinion of industry experts and the public on the need for change by the aviation industry. It was noted that 92% of all respondents acknowledged that there was an urgent need for change in the industry. It was found that almost all of the respondents were aware of the adverse effects that the industry had to the environment and to human life. These include the depletion of natural resources, air pollution, noise, and human health complications such as asthma and allergies. Despite the fact there is sufficient knowledge on the adverse effects of aviation, it was found that little change had been done by most airline companies. After being interviewed most engineers, technical and support staff were found to say that the decision for change had to be made at top levels of the organisation. These respondents claimed that despite the fact that most employees were aware of the need for change they did not have the ability to effect change. The airline directors claimed that most leaders were afraid of change as there was lack of an alternative technology that could be more efficient and cheaper. It was also evident that commitment towards change in the airline industry was lacking as most directors had the ‘impossible or ‘too difficult attitude. A director from the Virgin Atlantic was also found to say that share holders are more interested in profits and less in environmental conservation; thus profits had to be key priority and not environment alism. The year 2007 financial crisis and fuel energy crises were also quoted as factors that tend to slow down the change of aviation into ‘green aviation. Level of commitment in airline companies A survey was also carried out so as to investigate the level of commitment that aviation companies had to the conservation of the environment. The respondents were required to either give a positive or negative response to this question. In an attempt to avoid biases the respondents were divided into categories; establish any differences in opinion by virtue of category. All the environmentalists thought that airline companies lacked the required commitment towards the conservation of the environment and the development of alternative technology. Studies show that environmentalists are often unable to see the economic perspective of any situation and are often biased in their opinions. Goodstein (2010, pp. 9-12) is quoted to says that economists and environmental experts tend to have different opinions as each party is determined to achieve its goals at the expense of the other. From an economic perspective conservation must also have a price tag as the key goal of any business is to make profits. He further outlines the need for economists and environmentalists to agree and make compromises as each cannot exist without the other. Eighty three percent of residents who lived near airports thought that airline companies were not committed to the conservation of the environment. This together with responses from other questions shows that there is a poor opinion of airline companies especially among residents who lived in the proximity. This shows that there is need for public education and community projects so as to improve the relationships between airline and airport authorities with local residents. Most Virgin Atlantic airline employees and support staff claimed that airlines were committed to the conservation of the environment. This is due to the fact that these people have been are exposed to the numerous environmentalist programs within the Virgin Atlantic. However this cannot be meant to reflect all the opinions of employees from all airline companies. This commitment was felt more strongly among top level employees in the Virgin Atlantic; people at these levels have the most responsibility of implementing sustainable practices and due to the perceived burden that they have they tend to overestimate the level of commitment of their organisation. A smaller percentage, 50% of support staff, thought that their airline company was committed to conserving the environment and to sustainable practice. This exposes a trend whereby the further you move from the decision making organs of an organisation the lesser you see this commitment. It was therefore deduced that there is significant commitment among airline companies but not at the desired levels. It was also deduced that an insignificant level of bias exists among some of the respondents; cannot challenge the validity of the data collected. Environmental conservation and customer loyalty Results of data analysis show that there is a relationship between sustainable practices of an airline and customer loyalty/satisfaction. This is because of the environmental awareness that exists among consumers of goods and service. People want to support companies that give back to the society and to the environment within which they operate in. Most customers think that it is the moral responsibility of airlines to employ sustainable practices so as to not to damage the environment in exchange for profits. Customers now relate the neglect of the environment to corporate greed and moral decay. 64% of the respondents interviewed agreed that environmental conservation had an impact on customer preferences and loyalty. These included managers engineers and support staff in the Virgin Atlantic. Maignan and Ferrell (2004, pp. 3-7) expound on the ability of corporate social responsibility to result in an increase in customer loyalty and satisfaction. In the studies the authors were able to establish that these two factors were directly proportional to each other. In fact the authors state that sustainable practices can be used as a marketing strategy by companies and thus offer dual benefits for organisations. The Virgin Atlantic has gained much recognition in the main stream media for its conservational efforts which include sustainability projects, the Gold Standard scheme and the carbon footprint project. This is also the only company that submits data on its periodical emissions. Studies show that public opinion of the company has substantially improved due to this fact and this has brought with it increased customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The Virgin Atlantic airline intends to be the most sustainable airline by the year 2020 and its strategy is to be able to gain control and influence over competitors in the industry by acquiring moral and ethical justification from sustainable practices. Engineering changes and environmental impact All the engineers and airline directors interviewed were confident that engineering practices and changes on aircraft would be able to reduce the impact of the industry to the environment. This is a positive aspect as it shows that commitment and a sense of belief in the part of top level management and of technical staff. A Virgin Atlantic director interviewed said that his company was committed towards the generation of engineering solution suited to the problems of the 22nd century and to the unique needs of this time. He also quoted the energy crisis that has been spurred by international conflicts with Middle East as the hot spot of the crises. This coupled with the fact that oil reserves are slowly being exhausted there is a need for the generation of alternative fuel sources. He however states that the development of an alternative fuel source that could replace jet fuel and that could also make economical sense would take a very long period of time. He therefore said that it would be prudent if the efficiency of aircraft engines could be improved before such a technology could be made possible. 100% of the engineers interviewed also claimed that they could improve the efficiency of aircraft so as to reduce the impacts that these aircraft had on the environment. The researcher asked some engineers to quantify the amount of time and resources that they would need to cut aircraft emissions by half. The engineers claimed that it would be impossible to quantify such factors as such a move would have to be preceded by intensive research and testing. Once these results are positive this would then give a go ahead for the engineers to put these measures into practice. The engineers further stated that some measures such as efficient engines and revolutionary airframe designs could not be implemented by the airline company itself but this had to be in liaison with the aircraft manufacture. An airline engineer was noted to say that â€Å"we as engineers at the Virgin Atlantic can only carry out basic changes on the aircraft. When want major changes to be made on the aircraft we have to relay this information to Boeing so that they could probably effect these changes in the next aircraft that they roll out.† An airline director was quoted to say that it takes a very long time to change aircraft technology. This is due to the fact that it takes long time to design, test, implement new designs and technology. The useful economic life of an airplane is around 10 years and thus it does not make economical sense to retire a plane that has not fully paid back its on its capital investment. This is a challenge that directors and engineers face when trying to reduce aircraft emissions as they are forced to work with outdated and comparatively inefficient aircraft as these aircraft have not yet reached their full work life. Riodan (1985, pp. 1461-1463) looks at the moral obligation of engineers and technical staff to conserve the environment. The author says that engineers have destructive and constructive abilities and further states that lack of regard for the environment leads to destructive engineering. The author also states that the environment provides a platform for all of us to stand

Implications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans Essay

Implications of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder for War Veterans War is a complex concept that is increasingly difficult to understand, particularly in an age that allows for live images of combat to be beamed around the world. Many war films depict the brutalities of war and affects war has on participants, but it seems that these representations merely skim the surface. The 20th century is an era that saw a significant amount of military action: World Wars I and II, the Cold War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War - millions of men fought, some survived and live among us today. Unfortunately, the war experience for many veterans is traumatizing and as a result, many have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This disorder is often quite mentally debilitating; this, then, begs the question of the social implications of the disorder as well as whether this has any bearing on the necessity of war. At the minimum, PTSD is a branch of emotion that stems from stress or anxiety. Stress is not uncommon among humans as it can be caused by something as simple as gridlock or an argument. When we feel stressed, our body is attuned to exhibit the fight-or-flight response during which "the body releases chemicals that make it tense, alert, and ready for action" (1). PTSD, however, is a sector of stress that is very specialized for it occurs after traumatic events; these may include car accidents, earthquakes, rape, or military combat. People suffering from PTSD experience paranoia, flashbacks and generally have difficulty engaging in normal daily activities (2). One Vietnam veteran diagnosed with the disorder explains that he often has extreme emotional outbursts: " 'I developed a nasty temper, became very nervous... ...does occur between countries, it is carried out by people, by fellow humans beings who should never have to bear witness to such extreme horrors. Works Cited: 1) Stress info http://my.webmd.com/hw/emotional_wellness/ta4405.asp 2) American Psychiatric Association http://www.psych.org/public_info/ptsd.cfm 3)Kulka, Richard A., et al. Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation. New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers, 1990. 4) Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Wars, and Terrorism http://www.kimsoft.com/2001/ptsd.htm 5)Wilson, John P., et al, eds. Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. 6)The Invisible Epidemic: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Memory and the Brain http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/articles/behavior/ptsd_4/ 7) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Understanding the Pain http://www.nursingceu.com/NCEU/courses/ptsd/

Process of Floor Maintenance Essay -- Process Essays

PREFACE Floor maintenance is a vital activity in any building which has tile flooring, whether it be a hospital, university or office building. Floors can either reflect a positive or negative image of an institution, depending on how they appear. This paper discusses the proper procedures for the three main steps in floor maintenance: stripping the floor, applying the finish and maintaining the finish. Everyone that is associated with the field of janitorial supplies and maintenance should have at least a general understanding of the correct procedures in floor care. Examples of such people would include janitorial workers, supervisors, and suppliers. The more informed everybody involved in the process is, the more efficient it becomes. Consequently, time and money will be saved. ii INTRODUCTION First impressions may play a role in whether a company gets a government contract or wins a bid. For an individual, it may determine if he/she gets a raise, promotion or even a second date! There is no doubt that making a good first impression is very important. Therefore, for a company, hospital or university, the way its floors look is highly important. Floor maintenance may be thought of as sinkhole of money to some, but to others, it is an investment in the future of the organization. A beautiful plant or building with bright shiny floors can be an advertisement reflecting that company's pride and commitment to excellence. A building that has dull dirty floors may reflect a lack of attention to detail or that the company is second rate. THis paper will discuss the three main steps in the floor maintenance process: stripping the floor, applying ... ...more uniform throughout. The liquid is emulsified so that the different components do not separate. plasticizer: a factory finish on new tile that must be removed in order for the floor finish to adhere. sealer: an undercoating that is applied before waxing to fill in the tile's pores so the finish does not soak into the tile. stripping: the fist process in floor maintenance. This is the process by which all the finish is removed from the tile using a stripping solution, mop and/or floor machine. 12 WORKS CITED Dixon, M. February 1988. Resilient floor care: Presenting a high quality image. Maintenance Supplies. 36-40, 58, 62. R******, Edward, janitorial sales man for 27 years. Personal interview. Techniques of Floor Maintenance. 1988. Baltimore: Grow Professional Products.